Goddesses Dictionary

A

Abeona (Italian)

Abeona was the pre-Roman goddess of departures and was often petitioned to provide for the safety of children as they embarked upon journies. Her sister was Adeona, goddess of safe and speedy returns, and they were often petitioned in tandem.

Abundantia (Roman)

A minor Goddess who personified abundance. She did not—apparently--have as large a following as Ops or Copia. Aside from being a minor Goddess, Abundantia, was also one of the Roman Public Virtues representing "Abundance, Plenty." Roman culture also strove to uphold virtues which were shared by all of society for the common welfare of the Roman people. Abundantia represented the ideal of there being enough food and prosperity for all segments of society in Rome.

In later folklore, Abundantia seems to have entered homes during the night to bring prosperity. This versions  of  this Goddess or spirit of abundance may have traveled with Romans through different regions of the Empire and thus walked into local folklore.

See Abundia/Abonde, Habondia, Habonde, Herodiana, Herodiade, Erodiade, and Herodias in   The ABC of Aradia and Other Subjects .

Aetna (Sicilian)

Aetna was the presiding goddess of Sicily's Mount Etna. Mount Etna is an active volcano. Many deities and spirits have been associated with Mount Etna in Sicily.

Adeona (Italian)

Adeona was the pre-Roman goddess of safe and speedy returns. Her sister was Abeona, spirit of departures. In particular, she was petitioned for safe and speedy return of children to the family.

Amalthea (Greek)

The she-goat that suckled the God, Zeus, as an infant. Her horns flowed with nectar and ambrosia.

Angitia, Angita (Italian)

An early Goddess of witchcraft and healing of the Oscan tribe. Angitia was associated with verbal and herbal charms, especially against snakebite. Her name referred to killing snakes through enchantment. The Romans sometimes associated her with Bona Dea, the "Good Goddess." Angitia was honored in Italy's Marsian district, which is still famous today for its witches. She was also identified with the sorceress, Marica.

Anna Perenna (Roman)

Goddess of the new year. Her feast was celebrated on March 15. Anciently, March 15 or March 25, according to some scholars, marked the beginning of the celebration of the Roman New Year.

Aphrodite (Greek)

The Goddess of beauty, desire, and love was not originally Greek. She was one of the ancient Goddesses of the East Mediterrian. Greek mythographers said she arose from the sea and travelled to the island of Cyprus, off the coast of Greece, and was sometimes called Cytheria. Aphrodite's most famous center of worship was at Paphos, where the original white image of the Goddess was kept. Hence she was also called Paphian Aphrodite.

Aphru (Etruscan)

An Etruscan counterpart of the Greek Aphrodite and the Roman Venus. The month of Aprilis (April) was devoted to Venus. Aprilis may have derived from Aphru.

Aricia (Roman)

A minor Goddess, who ruled prophetic visions, which were received in wild places, far from human habitation. She may have been an aspect of Diana, as Aricia was the name of one of Diana's shrines.

Artemis (Greek)

Goddess of the hunt and queen of the wild beasts. In Classical imagery, she is the maiden of the new crescent moon, appearing nude or in a short tunic, armed with a bow and quiver of arrows. Accompanied by a band of nymphs, she roamed the mountains and forests of Greece.

Artemis was the elder twin of the sun. Her mother, Leto, bore her without labor pains, and then Artemis assisted as midwife when Apollo was born. She was invoked by women while giving birth as Artemis Eileithyia. As one of her aspects was a bringer of fertility, offerings included fruit, animals, and clay phalli. Spindle-whorls loom weights, and shuttles have been found in shrines dedicated to Artemis. From inscriptions, it is known that woolen and linen threads wound on spools were offered as gifts, as well as clothes. In Athens, Artemis was honored with selenai, round honey cakes representing the moon.

Artemis was likewise the protector of human children and young animals. She is assumed to be a chaste, perpetual virgin, or perhaps a lesbian Goddess who avoids the society of males.

Her title, Apollousa, "the destructress", referred to her arrows with which she could inflict sudden death and plagues.

Artio (Gaulish-Celtic)

A Goddess of wildlife who often took the form of a bear.

Artini (Etruscan)

A maiden Goddess in northern Italy; the Etruscan form of Artemis.

Aventina (Roman)

Many-breasted Diana, whose image was in a temple on Aventine Hill, in Rome.

B

Bona Dea (Roman)

An ancient Goddess, she was worshipped only by women in secret rites during December. Men were not permitted at these rites. The name literally means, "the Good Goddess" and may have been a title of the Goddess, Fauna or Fatua. In any case, the rites were always at some home of a distinguished Roman matron. During these rites, Bona Dea was revered as Goddess of fertility and abundance, and wine flowed freely in her honor.

C

Camenae, Camena, Carmenai (Roman)

Like the Fons, who were nymphs of fountains, the Camenae were demi-Goddesses of fresh water. They inhabited lakes, springs, and rivers. Uniquely, these nymphs were also Goddesses of prophecy and instruction. Their name means "foretellers." Egeria at Nemi was the most famous of the Camenae.

On October 13, the Fontinalia, both the Camenae and the Fons were worshiped by throwing wreaths upon their waters.

The Romans indentified the airy Greek Muses of inspiration with the Camenae.

Carna (Roman)

Goddess of protection, and of health and well-being of humans, especially small children. She presided over the intestines, heart, and other human organs. Some scholars have described Carna as being a Goddess of good digestion. .When parents appealed to Carna, this Goddess would enter the home and perform certain rites to bar a strix from entering the house. The strix was sort of a supernatual screech owl. If this evil creature could, it would fly in at night and eat a sleeping child's intestines so the child would not get good nourishment and waste away. Her festival took place on June 1. Carna was tradtionally offered bacon and beans.

Ceres, Kerres (Roman)

Goddess of the grain who presided over harvests. In August, women enacted secret rituals in her honor. The Cerealia on April 19 was celebrated to protect the crops and ensure a bountiful harvest. From her name, we have the word for a common breakfast item, "cereal."

Cloacina (Roman)

Goddess in charge of the sewers. She is, therefore, a Goddess of sanitation in the modern sense of the word.

Copia (Roman)

A Goddess of plenty, her name survives in the word, cornucopia, "the horn of plenty," which she, and other fertility or harvest Goddesses, were depicted as holding.

Cupra (Etruscan)

A Goddess of lightning, often depicted with a spear. An ancient Goddess of fertility, she formed a triad with the God, Tinia and the Goddess of Wisdom, Menvra. Her weapon, when depicted with Tinia and Menvra, was the thunderbolt.

Cybele (Phrygian)

A powerful divine image, the Mountain Mother, as Cybele was known in Phrygia, Anatolia, Cybele was described as a full-breasted, mature woman, crowned, bearing her symbols of grain and keys, arrayed in a robe of all colors of blossoms. Though she was a mother of all of nature, Cybele was not a gentle Goddess. She traveled in a lion-drawn chariot. Her consort was the dying and reborn God, Attis, who castrated himself after he betrayed Cybele with another female. Cybele had struck him with madness as punishment for not being loyal to her.

Romans were true polytheists and welcomed many foreign divinities into Rome. The cult of Cybele entered Rome in 204 bce. Hanibal of Carthage threatened Rome. Consultation of the Sibyline books revealed that the Carthaginian would only be defeated if the black stone of Cybele was brought with ceremony and honor to the Capitol. So the ancient image of Cybele was brought to Rome with her priesthood. Sure enough, the Romans defeated the Carthaginian in due time.

Unfortunately, Cybele's priests were eunuchs, who had castrated themselves in a state of divine madness during initiation, something the Romans were never comfortable with. Nevertheless, in Rome, the Cybele ceremonies focused on springtime, March 15-27. They began with the triumphal entry of the young Attis, symbolized by a pine tree, into Rome. The evergeen was adorned with violets, which were considered to have sprung from the blood of Attis. The following day was one of fasting and mourning, with litanies of sorrow over the death of young Attis. On March 24, the "Day of Blood," her chief priest, the archigallus, drew blood from his arms and offered it to her, to the music of symbols, drums, and flutes while the galli, her priests, whirled madly and slashed themselves to splatter the altar and the sacred pine with their blood. Finally, at Attis' resurection, there followed jubilations and hymns glorifying his rebirth at the arrival of the new growing season. On March 27, the silver statue of the Goddess with the sacred stone set in its head was borne in procession and bathed in Almo, a tributary of the Tiber River.

The powerful image of death and rebirth in the cycle of seasons may have reinforced this attribute in other divinities in Roman thought. Or perhaps all the similarities were already there. The Romans identified her with the Goddesses, Ceres, Ops, Rhea, and Tellus.

Cybele was assigned several Roman titles, including Magna Mater and Mater Turrita.

D

Damatres (Sicilian)

A title of Ceres and Proserpine, meaning "The Mothers."

Dea (Roman)

Simply the Latin word for Goddess.

Dea Mors(Roman)

The name literally means "the Goddess Death," possibly this is a title of another Goddess, or simply a feminine personification of death. Dea Mors is sometimes said to the the eldest of the Fatae. Dea Mors may also have been linked to Libitina, the goddess who presided over funeral services. It is possible that she was somehow linked to Proserpine, Queen of the Dead.

Devera (Roman)

This Goddess presided over brooms used to purify ritual sites.

Dia, Dea Dia (Roman)

Known as "the Goddess Dia," her name indicates that Dia was one of Italy's original Goddesses, but little information survived about her. dd>Her three day festival, Ambarvalia, was celebrated in May by her priesthood, the Fratres Arvales. They also tended her sacred grove, the Lucus Deae Diae, located along the River Tiber. If a tree in the grove or rotten limb was downed in a storm, the priests had to make offerings of sows or lambs. Iron was taboo in her grove. If an irongraving tool was brought into this sacred grove for purposes of cutting stone, the priests would offer a sow and a lamb as an expiatory sacrifice.

In ancient Roman religion, a “lucus” was a sacred grove. Lucus was one of four Latin words generally meaning "grove, forest, woodland, grove" (along with nemus, silva, and saltus). Lucus was primarily used as a religious designation.

Dea Dia was a very ancient Roman Goddess, associated the plowed field. She was apparently a Goddess of growth, who was concerned with the fertility of the field/earth and with the growth of the planted crops, especially grain. She was sometimes identified with the Roman Goddess of grain, Ceres, and sometimes with Ceres’ Greek counterpart, Demeter—as well as being identified with other Goddesses.

Diana (Roman)

The Classical western image of the Roman Diana is a maiden bearing a quiver and bow, who runs nude or in a hunting tunic through the moonlit forest with her pack of hounds. However, the Roman Diana was only depicted in this fashion after the Romans conquered Greece and assimilated their original Italian Diana into the powerful figure of Artemis, the Greek maiden Goddess of the hunt and moon.

Diana was first worshipped outdoors under the open sky. Diana's name seems to have been derived from the Indo-European word for "light". Possibly she was the Roman Goddess of both the moon and sun. For although the Etruscans of northern Italy had the sun God, Usil, and another young sun God, Apulu, the Romans apparently did not. The sun God, Apollo, was imported to the Roman pantheon from Greece during the Classical era--along with the maiden huntress image for Diana.

Yet in Rome, on Aventine Hill, Diana's temple still had an ancient image that depicted her as a many-breasted mother of nature--similar to Diana of Ephesus. Women flocked to her temple at Aventine Hill to request aid in child bearing.

The whole figure of Diana is complex and rich indeed. She was known as Diana Trivia: Diana on the earth, Luna in the sky, and Proserpine in the underworld. At her shrine at Nemi, near Aricia, she formed another trinity with her servant and assistant midwife, Egeria the water nymph, and Virbius, a woodland God. One of her epithets was Diana Nemorisis or Diana of the Grove.

Diana's feast day, the Nemoralia, was August 15, some sources say August 13. It was deemed to be the birthday of the Goddess. Reportedly women would each bake a cake for the household in Diana's honor, around which white candles were set. A procession of women, with hounds on leashes, would journey to Aricia to offer thanks in Diana's sacred grove and request the Goddess's continued aid and a harvest free of storms. Diana's festival in mid August was a holiday for Roman slaves.

In modern Italy, August 15 is a feast day of the Virgin Mary. The feast is known as the Ferragosto. It celebrates the Virgin Mary's assumption into heaven and her coronation as Queen of Heaven. Whole villages participate or watch the procession in which the image of the Virgin is carried through the streets.

Dictynna (Cretan)

A Goddess of the island of Crete, apparently related to fishing. Her name means the "netted one" or "of the nets" and may refer to a fish Goddess providing an abundance of food.

E

Edulica (Roman)

Protectess of children.

Egeria (Roman)

A female divinity at the Grove of Nemi. Egeria served as the Goddess Diana's servant and assistant midwife. In Roman myth, Egeria was the most famous of the Camenae or nymphs inhabiting springs, fountains, or lakes. She had some connection to Vesta as well as Diana, for the Vestals ritually drew water from Egeria's spring at Nemi for sacred purposes. Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome, supposedly received instructions concerning the establishment of public worship in Rome from her. Egeria became the wife of Numa and served as his prophetic counselor.

Eileithyia (Greek)

Originally a Goddess in her own right, Eileithyia was a pre-Helenic divinity of birth, who spun the thread of life. She was later assimilated into the figure of the Greek Artemis. Artemis was invoked as Artemis Eileithyia by women giving birth. Later, the Romans applied the name of this ancient Goddess to the Ilithyiae, Goddesses associated with midwifery, including Juno Lucina and even Hecate.

F

Fata, Parca (Roman)

In Roman religion, sometimes there were references to only one Goddess of destiny instead of the three Fates. She was known as Fata or Parca.

Fata Diana (Italian)

Diana, as she survived in folklore as the faery Diana. She was invoked in spells for good fortune as well as love magic.

Fates, Fatum, Parace, Dii Involuti (Roman)

In Classical myth, three old women spun the fate of mortal human lives: Decima, Parca, and Nona. One carded the wool, then spinning the thread of life, another measured out the proper length after removing it from the spindle, and the third cut the strand with a pair of sheers. They were also known as the Fatas, and after the invention of the spinning wheel, they were described in folklore as using that rather than their original drop spindle.

As time progressed, the term fata began to be applied to supernatural beings or spirits inhabiting trees, springs, or other natural sites. The word eventually envolved into our English word, "faery" or "fairy."

Fauna (Roman)

A nature Goddess, the companion or counterpart of Faunus. She was also identified with Feronia and Bona Dea. In modern times, she lends her name to all of the animal kingdom.

Febris (Roman)

Goddess of malaria and fever. Remedies or amulets that had eased the sufferings of someone when sick were given as offerings to this Goddess. She may have had some connection to Juno Februata, a Goddess of purification. Later, the Catholic church honored "Madonna della Febbre."

Feronia (Roman)

A Goddess of the woods who was possibly of Etruscan origin. She had care of trees. Her temple stood in a grove, and slaves were set free at her shrine.

Flora, Fluusa (Roman)

A very ancient Goddess who was the embodiment of all flowering nature. She was originally worshipped from April 28 to May 3 with orgies. Flowers are the sex organs of plants, and the orgiastic rites were sympathetic magic to cause the plants to bloom well and bear fruit well. According to Robert Turcan, The Gods of Ancient Rome (1998), "There was joyful feasting beneath the flowers, everyone trying to outdo the rest in drinking, and dancing by the light of nocturnal torches. People also wore many-coloured clothing; but for the actresses in mime shows, striptease on the festival boards was obligatory." (p. 69) In modern times, she lends her name to all of the plant kingdom.

Fornax (Roman)

The Goddess who presides over ovens and baking.

Fortuna (Roman)

The Goddess of destiny and luck. Her name means "she who brings," impling she brings good fortune. She was sometimes depicted blindfolded, holding a cornucopia, meaning she would sometimes blindly dispurse her gifts of abundance and wealth. She was also known as Fortuna Virilis, a Goddess who made women irrisistable to men.

Fulgora (Roman)

Goddess of lightning.

Furies, Furiae, Dirae (Roman)

Chthonic spirits and Goddesses of vengence. They were invoked by pounding on the ground.

G

Graces, Graciae, Hora (Roman)

Three Goddesses said to frequently dance gracefully in the moonlight. They were charming, beautiful and gracious.

H

Hecate (Greek and Roman)

A pre-Helenic deity, the Goddess of magic and the underworld,. She had many similarities to Diana. She traveled at night with a pack of hounds. She was described as a triune deity, Hecate Trivia: Artemis on earth, Selene in the sky, and Hecate in the underworld. Modern Wiccans identify this triad as the Maiden (Artemis), Mother (Selene), and Crone (Hecate)--the threefold Goddess of the moon. Supposedly, this Maiden, Mother, and Crone triad was also illustrated by the Greek Goddess triad of Persephone, Demeter, and Hecate.

As Hecate Phosperous, meaning "Hecate the light-bearer," she carried a lit torch.

After Hecate was adopted into the Roman pantheon, the Romans sacrificed black dogs and other black animals to her. Hecate was also the queen of the spirits of the dead, she was said to wander around tombs. At night she would appear at crossroads, accompanied by her train of spirits flying through the air with howling black hounds.

In Italy, the luci averni, woods surrounding Lake Avernus, were sacred to Hecate. The Cave of the Cumaean Sibyl was located near Avernus.

Horta (Etruscan)

A Goddess of agriculture and gardens. She gave her name to the practice of "horticulture."

I

Intercidona (Roman)

A Goddess who first taught the art of cutting wood to make a fire.

Isis (Egyptian)

The supreme, most widely worshipped Goddess. The cult of Isis spread through Rome to the entire Mediterranian and up into the British Isles as well as into Asia Minor. Although her Egyptian name was Auset, she was most widely known as Isis, her Greek name. She had numerous aspects, attributes, and functions. She was often identified with the moon and presided over magic and healing. She was a protectress of sailors. Apuleius, 2nd century c.e., Roman philosopher and novelist, described the mystery cult of Isis in his The Golden Ass.

J

Jana (Italian)

A very ancient Goddess, whose symbol was a key, and she was known as the queen of secrets. The symbol of her consort, Janus, was a door or gate. She is sometimes associated with the moon.

Juno (Roman)

Goddess of women and wife of Jove Pater. The Matronalia was a festival held in her honor. Juno had a number of functions, aspects, epithets, and titles. For example, she was known as Juno Lucina, meaning Juno the light-bearer. In this aspect, she was a lunar Goddess, often paired with Diana, and depicted as holding a torch. Juno Lavinium was adorned with a garment and headgear made of goatskin, known as the februum, linking her to her aspect as Juno Februata, Goddess of purification.

K

L

Latona (Roman)

The “Titanis Latona” was a daughter of Phoibe and Koios. Her name, “Latona,” was a Latinization her Greek name, “Leto,” influenced by Etruscan “Letun.” In Roman mythology, Latona was best known as the mother of Diana and Apollo, and the story from Ovid of Latona and the Lycians.

When Latona was wandering the earth, after giving birth to Diana (Artemis) and Apollo (Apollon), she attempted to drink water from a pond in Lycia. However the Lycian peasants, possibly afraid of the wrath of Juno (Hera), refused to allow her to drink. They stepped in the pond waters and stirring the mud at the bottom in the waters. Latona transformed them into frogs for their inhospitality, “May you live forever in the mud of your pond!”—if they wished to keep strangers from their waters, then they could forever remain in its mud.

In Greek mythology, Leto gave birth to Artemis and Apollon at the island on the island of Delos, which—according the this tale--had been broken off from Sicily. In ancient Crete, this island was known as Letoai,  or Lato.  

Silius Italicus Punica wrote in an invocation of Diana: “Come favorably, Diana, daughter of Latona, onto our undertaking.”

Laverna (Roman)

A Goddess of thieves, who were thus known as Laverniones. According to legend, thieves under her protection could safely hide their booty in a grove consecrated to her. She was represented as headless.

Leukothea, Leucothea (Etruscan)

Althogh her name is Greek and meant "White Goddess," Leukothea may have been another title or name of the Etruscan moon Goddess. However, she was also associated with the sea and its tides--which are ruled by the moon. She was invoked by sailors to save them from shipwreck.

Libertas (Roman)

Goddess of liberty. Freed slaves often donned her liberty cap to indicate their new social status. Libertas was also depicted holding a liberty pole or with a cat at her feet. Sometimes, instead of a pole, she held a torch, like Diana Lucina and the modern American Lady Liberty.

Libitina (Italian)

Libitina was the goddess of funerals. Roman undertakers were known as libitnarii and maintained offices in her sanctuaries. Offerings were made to Libitina when a family reported a death.

Supposedly Libitina's name became synonymous with death itself. She may be related to Dea Mors.

Losna, Lucna (Etruscan)

Goddess of the moon.

Lucina (Roman)

As a Goddess in her own right, Lucina was said to be a daughter of Juno and Jove Pater. She was associated with childbirth. Her emblem was the lady bug. The name, Lucina, meaning "light-bearer", was also a surname of Juno and Diana. Lucina was honored in both September and December. Another festival was celebrated on March 1 and allowed matrons to assemble and implore for a happy posterity. Lucina was later canonized as Santa Lucia, or Saint Lucy.

Luna (Roman)

A minor Goddess of the moon, identified with Diana. Luna is sometimes depicted wearing a crescent. Luna's name derives from the Etruscan moon Goddess, Losna or Lucna.

Lupa (Roman)

The name given to the she-wolf who nursed the children, Romulus and Remus, the legendary founders of Rome.

M

Magna Dea (Roman)

A title often assigned to the Goddess Ceres, meaning the "Great Goddess."

Magna Mater (Phrygian-Roman)

A Latin title meaning the "Great Mother", which is the Roman name assigned to the Phrygian Cybele. Also Magna Mater Deorum, meaning "Great Mother of the Gods."

Mater Larum, Lara (Roman)

An underworld Goddess, the "Mother of the Dead", who are the lares or larvae.

Mater Turrita (Phrygian-Roman)

A Roman name for Cybele, mean "Mother Turrita".

Meditrina (Roman)

Goddess of medicine, to which she gives her name.

Mellona (Roman)

A rustic Goddess of honey.

Mena, Mens, Menes, Meni (Roman)

She is the Goddess of menstruation. Mena's name is related to the Latin word for "month," mensis. Not much is known about the Roman Mena. Her name was preserved in a 5th century Latin document by St. Augustine of Hippo, City of God "...dea Mena, quam praefecerunt menstruis feminarum." It seems the practical Romans had deities for everything. She may be related to the Greek "Mene," which was another name of the moon Goddess, Selena.

Mene (Greek)

Another name of the moon-Goddess, Selena. She bore a daughter by Zeus, known as Herse, the personified dew, which formed mysteriously under the clear, night sky, bringing moisture to the plants after a day's drying of the soil.

Menvra, Menrfa (Etruscan)

An important Goddess, she associated with two other major deities in the Etruscan pantheon, the God, Tinia, and the Goddess, Uni. Three temples were dedicated to this Etruscan triad, but as with most Etruscan deities, little information about their mythologies is available. However, she may have been a Goddess of the thunderbolt like Cupra. Menvra and Cupra formed also formed a triad with Tinia. The Goddesses were shown with Tinia, each holding a thunderbolt while Tinia himself held three.

Minerva (Italian)

An ancient Goddess, probably of Etruscan origin, as her name is apparently derived from the Etruscan Goddess Menvra. Minerva was a Goddess of handicrafts and her chief temple on Aventine was the center of worship for the Roman guilds. She was also a Goddess of intelligence or wisdom and a patroness of schools. The sacred animal of Minerva was the antelope, a prophetic animal. The eyes of the antelope were associated with sharpness of vision.

Muse, the Muses (Greek)

In Classical Greco-Roman religion and myth, a Muse was one of a group of Goddesses who inspired the creation and understanding of literature, knowledge, and the arts. The number and names of the Muses varied. The most standard list is Calliope (epic poetry), Clio (history), Urania (astronomy), Polyhymnia (hymns, religious music), Euterpe (song and elegiac poetry), Terpsichore (dance and choral song), Melpomene (drama: tragedy), Thalia (drama: comedy), and Erato (erotic and/or love poetry). The orginal Greek name for one of the Muses was mousa. The modern English words "museum," "music," "bemuse," "amuse," and "amusing" all derive from the ancient Greek mousa. For a more in depth explanation see The Muses in Ancient Greece and Rome.

N

Nox (Greco-Roman)

Supposedly an ancient deity, she was the Goddess of night. Her union with her brother, Erebus (Darkness), produced Dies (Day) and Aether (Air).

O

Orbona (Roman)

The Goddess who protects orphans.

Ops (Etruscan Roman)

An agricultural Goddess of abundance, personifying the earth's riches. Her name was invoked by farmers to bless seeds before planting. She was associated with Saturn. Her festivals were the Opalia on December 19 and Opeconsia on August 25. In August, Ops was worshipped while touching the ground. From her name, we derive the word "opulence."

P

Pessinuntica (Phrygian)

A title of Cybele meaning, "Mother of the Gods."

Phersipnei (Etruscan)

Apparently the Etruscan counterpart to the Roman Proserpine and the Greek Persephone.

Pomona (Italian)

A Goddess of apples, orchards, fruit, and gardens. Her sacred grove was known as the Pomponal, near Ostia. Her priest at Rome was known as the Flamen Pomponalis.

Primigenia (Roman)

A title meaning "first-born" or "first-created". Fortuna was sometimes called Fortuna Primigenia.

Proserpine, Prosperine, Prosperina (Italian)

Originally Proserpine was an agricultural Goddess who nursed the growth of the tender shoots in spring--possibly from the underworld.

In Sicily, Proserpine was called "the savior", where images of the maiden and her mother, Ceres, were used for many centuries in place of the Virgin Mary and child. Proserpine was honored with bouquets of wild flowers or sheaves of grain. Later she absorbed the mythology and attributes of the Greek Persephone and was viewed as Queen of the Underworld. Hence, she was known as Stygian Proserpine.

Q

Querquenulanae Virae (Roman)

Green oak nymphs with prophetic powers.

R

S

Salcia, Salichia (Roman)

Goddess of saltwater and springs.

Salus (Roman)

Goddess of health, prosperity, and public welfare.

Selene, Selena (Greek)

A divinity of the moon, described as a Titaness who drove the moon chariot across the night sky. She fell in love with a youth, Endymion, who she cast into deep sleep. Interestingly, the cakes dedicated to the Greek moon Goddess, Artemis, were called selenai.

semnai, semnai theai

In Greco-Roman mythology, the semnai were Goddesses of vengeance. This name, like the name Eumenides ("Kindly Ones"), was a euphemism for the Erinyes ("Furies"). The name semnai literally meant "Venerable Ones" and semnai theai meant Venerable Goddesses.

Sharrat Shame (Babylonian)

A title of Ishtar meaning, "Queen of Heaven."

Sophia, Pistis Sophia (Gnostic)

The name, Sophia, is Greek for "wisdom." In Gnostic theology, she was the Holy Spirit of divine Wisdom; she came into existence before creation. The Gnostics were an amalgamation of Jewish and Greek philosophical pagan theology, which later formed into Christian Gnostic sects. The Catholic Church sought to stamp out the heresy of Gnosticism around the Mediteranean, but never quite eradicated the ideas behind it, which remanifested themselves from time to time in other religious movements.

Strenia (Italian)

A Goddess who was worshipped in Rome at the beginning of the new year in the springtime.

Susuri (Roman)

The personification of rumor, who kept company with Fama (fame), Credulitas (error), and Laetitia (unfounded joy).

T

Tellus, Tellus Mater, Terra (Roman)

The personified earth. See Madre Terra and Gaia hypothesis on The ABC of Aradia.

Tempestates (Roman)

Goddesses of storm and wind.

Thana, Thalnr (Etruscan)

Goddess of the dawn.

Titania (Roman)

A minor Goddess of the moon, later named Queen of the Faeries.

Tiu, Tiuv (Etruscan)

The deified moon.

Turan (Etruscan)

Turan was a love Goddess and is assumed to be a queen of life, probably influenced by the Greek Aphrodite and sometimes referred to by that name. Her name seems to derive from the same word as the Greek tyrannos, meaning "ruler." She was mistress of life and sex and was associated with Zirna. Turan survived in folklore as Turanna, the good faery of peace and love in modern Italy.

Turanna (Italian)

A survival of the Etruscan Goddess, Turan, in folklore as a faery.

U

Uni (Etruscan)

A Goddess in the divine triad which included the God Tinia and the Goddess Menvra. They clearly correspond to the Roman deities Juno, Jove Pater, and Minerva. The Etruscans apparently believed in a celestial council of 12, composed of Uni, Tinia, and Menvra, with 9 other deities.

V

Vegoia, Begoe (Estruscan)

When the Etruscans first settled in Tuscany, the Goddess Vegoia appeared to instruct them how to best form a civilization which would please the Gods. She taught them how to worship properly in rituals, how to divine through augury, and how to measure out land and set boundaries in human teritory. Boundaries between fields marked with stones acquired a numenous, or divine, force among many cultures in antiquity, as these were part of the marks that provided order.

Venus (Roman)

Originally a Goddess of beauty and protectress of gardens. Her symbols included wild strawberries, herbs, pinecones, and cyprus trees. Venus was a spirit of beauty and charm. Originally only bloodless sacrifices, such as garlands of vervain, were offered at her shrines, which were situated at large stones positioned next to tall trees. During the Classical era, this winsome Goddess of youthful love was assimilated into the complex figure of the Greek Aphrodite. The young and mischievious winged Cupid became her son as the Roman God of love. During the rule of the emperors of the Julii family, Venus acquired a matronly aspect, as Julius Caesar was supposedly descended from her. Julius Caesar specifically invoked her as his ancestress under the name, Venus Genitrix, and consecrated a temple to her in 46 bce.

Her festival, the Veneralia, was celebrated on April 1.

She is still invoked in love spells and love poetry.

Vesta (Roman)

Goddess of the hearth and the central divinity of Roman family life. Every hearth was her altar and every hearth fire her image. Daily offerings were made to Vesta by families at their hearths. The sacred fire which the city of Rome burned in Vesta's round temple was tended by her priestesses, the Vestal Virgins.

It would have been a terrible omen if the sacred fire of Rome ever accidentally went out. The Vestals only doused the fire once a year on March 1 and then relit the fire. The eight days long Vestalia was celebrated starting on June 9 when barefoot Roman matrons offered food baked on their household hearths and the Vestal Virgins offered special salt cakes.

Vibilla (Roman)

A Goddess who directs travelers on their ways.

Vitula (Roman)

Goddess of mirth.

W

X

Y

Z

Zirna (Etruscan)

Either another name or another aspect of the moon Goddess. She is depicted with a half moon around her neck.

Notes by Myth Woodling

Etruscan literature and mythology has largely been lost. Hence, while they too had a large pantheon, sometimes all we have are names from inscriptions.

Readers may wonder why I included some minor deities and excluded well-known deities, particularly from the Roman group. For example, the Roman Goddess Bellona, the consort of the Roman God Mars. The Latin word for war, bellum derives from her name. It is clear that she was an important element of the militaristic Roman culture, however, my list originally began as a simple glossary of names used in my "Dianic Mythology"--in particular, names used in "Diana Nemorensis, or Diana of the Grove."

I bandied about a variety of mythological names in the "Dianic Mythology"--far too many for footnotes. Yet, it occured to me that someone might not want go to the bookshelf and drag out a mythological dictionary simply to look up Pessinuntica, which is actually a title of Cybele. Of course, then I had to put in an entry for Cybele, and while I was at it, I decided to include Vegoia, an Etruscan Goddess who seemed to bear a distinct similarity to the Roman nymph Egeria.

Most all of these Goddesses could be linked to the personae of Diana, particularly as she survived during the Christian era.

Sources

Aaron J. Atsma, Mousai, Theoi Project, 2000-2011, accessed 9/26/11.

Raymond Buckland, The Witch Book, The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft, Wiccan and Neo-paganism, 2002.

Sir James George Frazer, The Golden Bough, 1935.

Robert Graves, The Greek Myths, Vols. 1 & 2, 1948.

Judika Illes, The Encyclopedia of Spirits: The Ultimate Guide to the Magic of Fairies, Genies, Demons, Ghosts, Gods and Goddesses, 2009.

Patricia Monaghan, The New Book of Goddesses and Heroines, 2002.

New Larouss Encyclopedia of Mythology, 1959, 1968.

Carole Potter, Knock On Wood and Other Superstitions, 1983.

Thalia Took, Dea Dia, 2004, accessed 7/1/2016.

Robert Turcan, The Cults of the Roman Empire, 1992, 1996.

Robert Turcan, The Gods of Ancient Rome, 1998.

Patricia Turner and Charles Russell Courter, Dictionary of Ancient Deities, 2002.

Harry E. Wedeck and Wade Baskin, Dictionary of Pagan Religions, 1971.

Marta Weigle, Spiders and Spinsters, 1985.

The White Goddess Dea Dia - Goddess of growth, 2012, 2016, accessed 7/1/2016.

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